Showing posts with label camouflage. Show all posts
Showing posts with label camouflage. Show all posts

Thursday, November 5, 2026

a gruesome green with splodges of pulsating purple

Cubist Wife puzzle
Above
Beginning in 1913, when Cubism, Futurism and Vorticism (styles of so-called Modern Art) were introduced to the American public by the famous Armory Show, and continuing through World War I, it was common for cartoon puzzles like this to appear in American newspapers. 

The title of this one is A Cubist Wife. Initially, it was published as a puzzling arrangement of lines (with the black shapes not filled in). Provided with the title, readers were challenged to blacken shapes in such a way as to create a portrait of a "cubist wife." The result (as shown here) was then published in the newspaper a week later. There were endless variations on this (Cubist roosters, cows, donkeys and so on). Vorticism (sardonically discussed below) was essentially a wartime British variant of Cubism. Throughout the war, it was widely claimed that camouflage (particularly dazzle ship camouflage) had been designed by Cubists, Vorticists or others who had been excessively drinking.

•••

CUBIST PHOTOGRAPHY, signed "The Walrus" in Punch (Melbourne), April 19, 1917, p. 3—

I have done my best to get a grip of the Cubist idea, but my success has been indifferent. I once saw a capital photograph of some eggs. It was a straightforward, realistic rendering of their beautiful form, with the dainty lights and shades, and cast shadows and reflected lights. It was not a great creative work, and inspired, perhaps, no loftier an idea than a hankering after omelettes, but the producer of that photograph evidently saw eggs as I see them, and so tickled my vanity. But along comes your cubist, and we find that when he looks at a cream-colored hen's egg—or, perhaps, to escape the assaults of the literary purists, I had better say a hen's cream-colored egg—he (that is, the Cubist) sees a grossly irregular duodecagon, and the color thereof is a gruesome green with splodges of pulsating purple. I do not deny that he does see exactly that. Probably he does. But tho best thing for him to do is not to make a song about it. but to push off sharp for the nearest brain specialist.

If the Vorticist photographer produces an egg—of course, in the pictorial sense only—it will probably resemble a farthing Catherine wheel just expiring on a bent pin; and after a year or two of mental effort he may evolve a poetical tag to attach to it :

A vision of a shattered albumenized yolk.
Of late the inmate of a high-explosive shell.


Indirectly, this appearance of Cubist, and Vorticist, and Post-Impressionist symptoms in photographs proves that photography is Art. The question as to whether it is or not has caused sackfuls of trouble in the past, but this settles it. If photography is not Art, how can it catch horrible diseases that attack Art, and Art only? Another puzzle is solved at the same time. I have often stood in front of exhibited prints and wondered what on earth was the matter either with them or with me; I can see now that they had symptoms of Vorticism, or that they were convalescent after a bad bout of Cubism. It will save much misunderstanding at future exhibitions if those prints from anything of the sort are labeled accordingly.

shoe foolery: low visibility or disruptive dazzle style?

Above
Artist's signature unreadable, Camouflage Applied to Footwear in Boot and Shoe Recorder (New York), August 17, 1918, p. 24.

hide and seek chaos results in futurist masterpiece

Above
Printed advertisement published in Textile World (Albany NY), October 19143

•••

Reginald John Farrer [English traveler and plant collector], The Void of War: Letters from three fronts. Boston: Houghton Mifflin company, 1918—

…In certain aspects the war [WWI] is nothing but a glorious, gigantic game of hide and seek—camouflage is nothing else. It is not only the art of making things invisible, but also of making them look like something else. Even the art of inconspicuousness is subtle and exciting. What glory it must be to splash your tents and lorries all over with wild waggles of orange and emerald and ochre and umber, in a drunken chaos, until you have produced a perfect futurist masterpiece which one would think would pierce the very vaults of heaven with its yells. However, as pandemonium produces numbness in the ear, so I suppose a Lost-Dogs'-Home-at-Battersea in chromatics does deaden visibility in a dun-colored ensemble.

But disguise is an even higher branch of the art: you go on to make everything look like something else. Hermit crabs and caddis-worms become our masters. Down from the sky peers the microscopic midget of a Boche plane: he sees a tree—but it may be a gun: he sees a gun—but it may be only a tree. And so the game of hide and seek goes on, in a steady acceleration of ingenuity on both sides, till at last the only logical outcome will be to have no camouflage at all. You will simply put out your big guns fair and square in the open, because nobody will ever believe, by that time, that anything really is what it looks like.

As far as the guns go, the war is developing into a colossal fancy dress ball, with immunity for the prize: wolves in sheeps' clothing are nothing to these gentle shepherdesses of the countryside. The more important they are, the more meekly do they shrink from notice under dominos of boughs or sods, or strawberry-netting tagged over with fluffets of green and brown rags. And sometimes they lurk under some undiscoverable knoll in a coppice, and do their barking through a little hole from which you would only expect rabbits, not shells. It must be the most endless joy to go on planning these disguises. One would lie awake at night wondering how to make one's gun look like a dog kennel, or a dog kennel conceal a gun. But, of course, the individual camouflage is even more exciting yet…

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Wednesday, November 4, 2026

the boudoir camouflage strategies of women in 1914

Above
Maurice Ketten, "Fashion Fancies" in The Evening World Daily Magazine (New York), February 26, 1914.

•••

Anon, from Morning Oregonian (Portland OR), July 27, 1918—

GIRLS AND CAMOUFLAGE—It seems that wise officials who are mobilizing America to win this war have "discovered" that girls have a natural aptitude and predilection for camouflage. A fascinating arraignment of the lipstick, eyebrow pencil and sundry bits of boudoir tricks, so-called gifts of camouflage, brings out the startling information that these have made girls wonder students in concealment and deception and all of it is now being turned to good account. The tools of the beauty parlor are now giving way to the paint brush in shops and factories, the camouflage training of the boudoir is being proved of tremendous value wherever women are employed in Government work.

Monday, October 26, 2026

an abstracted equivalent of an animal's typical haunts


Roy R. Behrens, Seeing through Camouflage: Abbott Thayer, Background-Picturing and the Use of Cutout Silhouettes, in Leonardo, Vol 51, No 1, pp. 4046, 2018, pp. 41-46—

In collaboration with his son, artist and naturalist Gerald Handerson Thayer, at some point Abbott Handerson Thayer began to espouse a new kind of camouflage called background-picturing. With that concept, he contended that the appearance of animals had evolved toward being well suited for their customary habitat.

As he put it, the patterns on their bodies are "a picture of such background as would be seen through it if it were transparent."

But animals are rarely immobile. They move from one setting to another, and Thayer was not suggesting that an animal's pattern is a literal pictorial image of a single background. That would be counterproductive. Instead, he reasoned, it is an average of a range of typical settings, a generic abstracted equivalent of the appearance(s) of the animal's usual haunts. In Thayer's words, the patterns found on animals are "a sort of compound picture of their normal backgrounds—a picture seemingly made up by the averaging of innumerable landscapes.”…[more]

Sunday, October 25, 2026

Chateau Camouflage / unusual tent for US army officer

CHATEAU CAMOUFLAGE: Army Home of Capt. C.J. Dieges Attracts Favorable Comment
in The Jewelers' Circular Weekly (January 9, 1918)—

Capt. Charles J. Dieges, of Dieges & Clust, 15 John St., New York, while visiting his many friends last week on a 10 days' furlough, as noted in The Jewelers' Circular, showed the picture of his tent, illustrated herewith, in which he is making his home until he goes "Over There." In the picture [not the one shown in this post] Captain Dieges is shown outside of his regulation United States Officers' tent, which is named the "Chateau Camouflage," in the company of his son, Robert Dieges, who has served with the United States Army for over nine years and now has the rank of second lieutenant. In civil life, Lieut. Robert Dieges is the assistant foreman in the manufacturing plant of Dieges & Clust. During his nine years of service in the army he has proven himself an expert on trenches, dugouts and general mining. Some of his bomb-proof shelters have been 40 feet underground. Lieutenant Dieges has won his promotion through his own hard work.

When Captain Dieges was asked for a few words describing the tent, he said: "When I arrived at Camp Wadsworth, Spartansburg, SC, with the old 22nd Regiment, New York, now the 102nd Engineers USA, we found that all of the units were preparing to make themselves as comfortable as possible. The units were constructing all styles of bungalow shacks. The photograph represents the regulation United States Army Officers' tent. At one time we had a 10-inch snowfall, and at times, especially at night, it has been very cold. As engineers we must use all material found at hand to carry out our work. As a designer of jewelry, I decided to get up something out of the general run. I made a small sketch of the 'camouflage' tent, which was to be my home, and had the young man on the right, who is an architect in civil life, paint the same to represent just what the name designated, 'camouflage.' The front, rear and sides are constructed of rough pine, utilizing the tent for the roof and partly covering the sides. It has been commented upon most favorably as one of the most unique 'comfies' in camp. The inside is furnished with a cot, small table and chair and the army stove with a miniature fireplace. While there are plenty of cracks and openings for fresh air, at the same time it is very comfortable.

Thursday, October 1, 2026

Del Ames, Ballet Mécanique & WWI ship camouflage

online video link
In 2021, I produced a three-part video about the life of Adelbert Ames Jr. (aka Adelbert Ames II), the American artist, psychologist and optical physiologist who became well known (in the 1940s and 50s) for having devised the Ames Demonstrations in perceptual psychology. That trilogy has been available on my YouTube channel (@camoupedia) for the past five years.

Regrettably, I've never been happy with the third video in that series. The voice-over narration was awful. Finally, after years of wanting to replace it, I've now been able to reconstruct that third segment. The new version is greatly improved, and I have posted it online (the link is above), although it has now been retitled as Adelbert Ames and Anamorphosis / New Version / Part 3. It is entirely free to watch and to share with others.

Ames served in the US Army Signal Corps, and was involved in research that pertained to optics and vision. As far as I know, he did not contribute directly to the development of wartime camouflage, but as this video explains, he did have some connection to camouflage, in part because an artist / friend (who designed frames for Ames' paintings) named Hermann Dudley Murphy was an inspector of ship camouflage for the US Shipping Board.

Hermann Dudley Murphy



Another surprising link is this: Murphy's son was Dudley Murphy, a young Hollywood filmmaker, and an expert on lenses and cameras, who (at his father's suggestion) was hired as Ames' technical assistant at Dartmouth College during the summer of 1921. 

The younger Murphy then moved on to Europe. In the UK, he befriended the poet Ezra Pound and the Vorticist photographer Alvin Langdon Colburn. In France, he met the Surrealist artist Man Ray and the French painter Fernand Léger. It was Murphy and Léger (not just Léger, as if often mistakenly claimed) who made the famous experimental film called Ballet Mécanique. 

This video tells the story of that, and ruminates about the link between that film and Ames' later experiments in vision. It's really quite interesting.

Ames distorted room


Tuesday, August 11, 2026

that artists should be placed in charge of camouflage

False Colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage
Captain Aymar Embury II
, US Reserve, "Nature's Camouflage and Man's" in The New Country Life. Vol 34 No 2, June 1919, pp. 27-40—

It is fitting that military men should have turned to the artist-naturalists for information on camouflage, and should have placed artists in charge of military camouflage, not the United States alone, but in England and France as well, and I believe also in Germany. In this country the camouflage, both naval and land, is being done largely by artists with the assistance of men of kindred professions, such as the stage and architecture…

•••

FALSE COLORS: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage


CAMOUPEDIA: A Compendium of Research in Art, Architecture and Camouflage


SHIP SHAPE: A Dazzle Camouflage Sourcebook


Lowest price / three book bundle with free shipping 


•••


Below Drawing by Charles Livington Bull with the following caption: Perhaps the best known of all the camouflage tricks is the dead horse made of papier maché, or even of steel, so arranged that the sniper or lookout can hide in it and keep watch of the enemy.




Monday, August 3, 2026

the unknown role of Iowa artists in modern camouflage

Coming soon: At 2:00 pm on Sunday, August 9, I will be giving a one-hour illustrated talk on camouflage in connection with art, nature, and its military uses in World War I. The talk will take place at the German American Heritage Center & Museum at 712 West 2nd Street in Davenport, Iowa. Insights and surprises abound. Looking forward to it! For more information, see gahc.org.

Saturday, August 1, 2026

ship camoufleurs George Musaphia / B.R. Campbell

George Musaphia illustrations
I know almost nothing about an American illustrator named George Musaphia. The little that I do know I found in a brief news article in the Spokane Chronicle (October 7, 1918), which reads as follows—

RECORD CLAIMED BY CAMOFLEURS Two Seattle "camofleurs"—the men who paint the zig-zag stripes on ships returned recently from Portland OR, where they spent six days supervising the camouflaging of six vessels being built for the Emergency Fleet Corporation. The total of six ships in six days is believed a camouflaging record.

The two are George Misaphia [sic], formerly a New York portrait painter, and B.R. Campbell, who, in peace times, is a Boston theatrical scenery decorator.


That's it. I've searched for both artists, Musaphia (not Misaphia, unless I'm mistaken) and Campbell, the latter of whom is possibly a New England artist named Brooks R. Campbell (1898-1977), who worked as a sign painter in Manhattan. It seems likely that the other man was George (or Georges) Musaphia (1894-1979), but I could be wrong.

One thing about Musaphia that seems certain is that he was affiliated with the theatre, and that he worked in Boston (in advance of World War I) as an illustrator for theatre reviews. Maybe that's how he met Campbell, who is described as a "Boston theatrical scenery decorator."

The six Musaphia illustrations that I have found so far were all published in 1913. I've scanned and reproduced them here. They are stylistically consistent, but the attribution is also clear because he signed his name in an unusual way, part symbol and part letters. They were published in the Boston American on the following dates (from top to bottom) September 7, October 12 and 19, and November 2, 9 and 30. He probably was a portrait painter because his theatre illustrations are, without fail, essentially portraits of the actors as they appear in costume.

Tuesday, July 28, 2026

Seymour Reit / cartoonist, animator, writer, camoufleur


Since early childhood, I have known about Casper the Friendly Ghost, a cartoon character who first appeared in comic books in the late 1940s. But it may have been forty years later that I learned about Seymour Reit (1918-2001), the American animator and children's book author who may (or may not, since there has long been some dispute) have been the person who came up with Casper's character.

As an adult, although Reit was short (he was five foot four), he was larger than life in terms of all his accomplishments. He began his career as an animator for the famous Fleischer Brothers, and in his final decades he was a prolific contributor to MAD Magazine. But that is the tip of the iceberg: as a writer or cartoonist, he was also affiliated with Will Eisner, Archie, Little Lulu, Gulliver's Travels, Popeye, Betty Boop, and Captain Kangaroo.

But he also had two wartime links: First, he was born in New York on Armistice Day on November 11, 1918, the day that marked the ending of World War One, with the result that his parents named him Seymour Victory Reit. And then, when the US entered World War Two, he enlisted in the Army Air Force as a lieutenant, and served as a camoufleur.

I suspect that I first heard about Reit in 1978, when I ran across a copy of a book that he had written, titled Masquerade: the amazing camouflage deceptions of World War II (New York: Hawthorn Books). At the time, I had been researching and writing about art and camouflage for about a decade, and his book was enormously helpful in learning about the varieties of deception in World War Two. It is still of considerable value, even though quite a few other volumes on the same subject have more recently been produced.

Tuesday, July 21, 2026

was utter nonsense / camouflage as painting things up

Bus for wounded soldiers at WWI fundraising rally [colorized]
Peter Rodyenko
, “Camouflage: Modern aerial photography outmodes paint, results in introduction of new techniques” in Life magazine (January 13, 1941), p. 39—

To most people, the art of camouflage means "painting things up." They are, of course, very wrong. In general, they get this impression from seeing pictures of guns and tanks "camouflaged" with crisscross and zigzag designs. In their newspapers they read of snipers who wear strange-colored costumes to "confuse" the enemy. They hear and believe stories about industrial buildings which have been so decorated with dazzle paint that they are invisible from the air. What they do not realize is that most of such stuff is utter nonsense.

Monday, July 20, 2026

painting camouflage on trucks—then washing it off

WWI camouflaged ammunition truck (colorized)
Eugene Wokal
, quoted in Ronald Naversen, The Scenographer as Camoufleur. Dissertation. Carbondale IL: Southern Illinois University, 1989, p. 47—

I became friends with Major Peter Rodyenko [who taught camouflage at Pratt Institute]…I traveled down there [to Fort Belvoir] to look around and decided I wanted to work on camouflage. We trained by painting trucks and washed off the paint at night so we could do it again tomorrow.

See also
Rodyenko, Peter (1936) “On Camouflage Training” in The Reserve Officer Vol 13 No 9 (September), pp. 5-7.
___(1941) “Camouflage: Modern aerial photography outmodes paint, results in introduction of new techniques” in Life magazine (January 13), pp. 39-42.

Saturday, March 28, 2026

no more spit and polish / WWI trench mud in your eye

Above Rawley Morgan, "Our Involuntary Disguises" in The London Bystander, March 20, 1918, p, 613.

•••

CAMOUFLAGE TOPIC OF PRESIDIO TALK: Commonest Instance Cited as Clove Eaten by Men Who Go Out Between Acts; MUD HANDIEST IN TRENCH; Captain Gillette Illustrates Fine Points for Student Officers Showing How Shading Is of Great Importance in The Sunday Oregonian (Portland), November 11, 1917, p. 3—

OFFICERS TRAINING CAMP, Presidio of San Francisco, Nov. 10: "Camouflage—a spice known as the clove, largely consumed by men who leave the theater between acts to go and use the telephone."

This is one domestic description of the word camouflage, but it isn't quite the camouflage that is taught for war purposes. The chief ingredients of the camouflage of war, with all due respect to the words of well-known war correspondents like Will Irwin and others, is not paint and artistic ability, but just plain, ordinary mud.

At least such is the declaration of Captain Douglas H. Gillette, Engineer Corps, who recently gave a lecture to the Presidio "officers-to-be" on the subject of camouflage.

Paint is a scarce commodity at the front, and the same is true of burlap and canvas, and when these ingredients are absent the soldier boys find it very easy to do a good camouflaging job by smearing the mud—same mud that is used on football fields in Oregon—over the spokes and caissons of artillery material and otherwise disguising military secrets from the enemy aircraft and other observers.

"It is important, remarked Captain Gillette, "to conceal the heads of the men firing from the trenches."

Trenches Are Obliterated
"There are two ways to conceal heads, and the one chiefly recommended is to obliterate the line of the trenches as much as possible. Daubing the head in mud or dust sounds better to a great many of the student officers, however, for once a man has lost his head his efficiency is greatly curtailed, whereas it is ofttimes possible to recuperate after the loss of a mere trench.

"All camouflage is based on the idea of fooling the enemy by making it appear that what is, is not, and what is not, is. It may apply to a single man or gun or to an entire position. The art is new, but It has been used so extensively that the supply of raffia, from which screens. were made, is exhausted, and they have to use shredded palmetto leaves and Florida moss.

Outlines Broken Up
"If it is sought to hide a battery, the best plan is to break up its outline so it cannot be recognized by enemy airplanes. If a scout is looking for a gun and sees something that looks like a cow he is not likely to boast that he has attained the object of his search. It is a fact that objects are recognized by their shape more than by anything else.

"Things should always be painted dark on top and light below; that is to make shadows look natural. For the same reason painted canvas is sloped at an angle of at least 30 degrees over raised objects. A painted pattern should never be stopped at an edge; it should extend around the corner. Dull colors are best, usually.

"One school of camouflage artists holds that the best way to reduce the visibility of material is by making it look like straw—if it happens to be in a locality where there is straw—or by disguising it as bushes. If there are three or four guns at regular intervals bushes should extend from one to the other; four piles of bushes 30 to 40 feet from each other might enable an airplane scout to penetrate the disguise.

Mud Used Profusely
"Spokes and rims of gun carriages should be spotted with mud. The spots should be irregular and large, as small spots are likely to attract attention. Positions or material may be concealed
by painted canvas or burlap, raffia or wire net, or canvas over wire net. With a bucket of paint and a brush the simplest form of camouflage, painting, may be achieved.

"The armies have taken full advantage of the qualities of wire net. Sometimes miles and miles of road leading to the rear are covered with the net, through which enemy airplanes can see nothing. At times the net extends along the sides of the road.

"When an airplane appears it is a matter of duty and policy for everyone to hide or remain perfectly still. Cartridge cases must never be placed in large piles in these days of scientific war, for the sunlight reflected from their surfaces gives the enemy a guide."

Four Thousand Germans Killed
Captain Gillette points out tho value of concealing even the frontline trenches by a story of a battalion that concealed its position, and, by waiting until the Germans had advanced to within 50 yards of its trench, killed 4000 of the enemy before retreat was possible. The exact line of the parapet should be confusing to the enemy. If it is not, the position may be sighted during the day and heavy damage may be inflicted at night.

Even the entanglements in No Man's Land feel the force of the camouflage idea. Captain Gillette can't understand why they use galvanized wire, which is highly visible and more ex- pensive than that which has not been galvanized. Because wood is more visible than iron, posts that support the wire are of iron.


Wednesday, January 21, 2026

the man who signs a dictated letter but hasn't read it

Above
World War II American ship camouflage, as applied to the USS Gladiator (1944), a minesweeper. US Navy photograph, public domain, AI colorized.

•••

Sophie Irene Loeb, WHAT IS CAMOUFLAGE? in The Washington Post, January 31, 1918, p. 7—

…The husband who pretends to be furious because his wife was so slow in letting him in the house that she forgets to scold him for being out late. When a man tells a woman he understands her perfectly. When a strange saleslady calls you "dearie," while waiting on you. The eating place that decreases the portion and increases the price on the plea of patriotism. When wifey buys her husband a lovely sofa cushion for his birthday. When a stranger tells you how much he is respected in his own home town. When a dressed up doll keeps talking about how she "doesn't care a thing about money." The new spring crepe shirtwaists. The youthful old lady who hasn't a gray hair in her head. The lounge lizard who prates about what a grand family he came from. The small boy who brings home a playmate to help square things. The individual who congratulates you on what a fine man your grandfather was and wants to borrow $5. The middle-aged chap who goes to the circus to amuse the neighbor's little boy. The city uplifter who goes to the farmer's wife to tell her how to can fruit. The landlord who tells his shivering tenants how long and hard he has tried to get coal. The climber who invites newspaper reporters to her "exclusive" pink teas. The woman who writes applications to serve near the trenches while she is having her breakfast in bed. The salesman who invites you to dinner because he is "so lonely" and charges it to his firm, from whom you are to buy. The "pillar" in the church who loudly prays for sinners, having yesterday quietly foreclosed the mortgage on the home of the widow and her children. When hubby tells his wife he has a very important meeting at the lodge or must sit up with a sick friend. The fellow in the party who is very busy telling a story when the waiter presents the bill. The man who is always "in a conference" when you telephone. He who signs a letter "dictated," but not read. Many a knitting bag carried in public. The politician who tells newly enfranchised women that his party secured the vote for them. Public officers sitting in skyscrapers and telling how they are reducing the cost of living. The storekeeper who tells you that the thing you asked for is not being "used this year."…