Showing posts with label mimicry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label mimicry. Show all posts

Wednesday, September 2, 2026

WWI mishap / making a cast of the carcass of a horse

WWI magazine illustration
The American artist Charles Burchfield (1893-1967) served briefly as a US Army camoufleur near the end of World War I. In his journals, he recalled a wartime incident that involved an attempt to build a hollowed-out papier maché replica of a dead horse (in which to conceal an observer).

Charles Burchfield, Charles Burchfield's Journals: The Poetry of Place. Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 1993—

It was Capt [William] Yarrow's (the camouflage commander) idea to model a dead horse, which being hollow would be used for a periscope outlet over a dugout, an ingenious idea. Pearson was given the job, as he was a budding sculptor. He thought it would be simpler and more realistic to make a cast from a dead horse itself. Dead horses were not easily procured, and so after a two weeks wait, they had to content themselves with a dead mule secured from a nearby farm. The mule was already two days on the way toward disintegration; nevertheless, Pearson and his helpers, who had requisitioned a truck for the errand, sat on the mule as they went thru the camp, and sang ribald songs, at the tops of their voices, much to the amazement of lookers on.

Pearson's work proceeded slowly, and the odor of the mule grew more frightful with each passing hour (Eskridge & I were sure that Pearson brought it to the barracks with him, and treated him accordingly)—One afternoon, Pearson said—he and his helper Peck, were busily working, when all at once, as one will often do, he realized that for some time someone had been calling him, but it had not completely penetrated his consciousness. Turning he beheld this major (his name eludes me, but he was some rich man's spoiled brat) at some distance, on his horse, gesticulating wildly with one hand, and holding his nose with the other—Pearson hurried over and saluted—

"What the [hell] have you got over there" the major roared—

"A dead mule, sir" was Pearson's reply, with as much sang froid as he could muster—

"A dead mule—You know it's against the regulations to allow a dead animal to lie in the camp—Who gave you permission to bring it here?"

"Capt Yarrow sir?"

"Where the hell is he?"

"I presume over in the woods there, sir" (some of the camouflage work took place in a pine grove near at hand)—

"Well, I'll show him whether he can bring dead mules into the camp," and putting spurs to his horse, he rode furiously off, only, a few minutes later, to plunge thru the artificial [camouflaged] hill, which had been so skillfully constructed that few would know it was not real, unless they had been told. It threw him from his horse, and by the time, with the aid of whatever soldiers were around, he had extricated himself, he was speechless with rage.

•••

Wednesday, August 26, 2026

camouflaged American soldier emerges from stump


World War I American soldier (digital animation)

Henry Berry (American artist / camoufleur), in Make the Kaiser Dance. New York: Doubleday, 1978, p. 207—

I picked Harry Hull [Howard Hull], the brother of Henry Hull, the actor, as my [US Army camouflage] partner, and we went to work. We decided to put together a fake stump, the kind that you move around and hide just about anything in…First we took some real bark off a tree and wired it to a cage we had. When we actually planted it in an area that had a lot of other stumps—really, you couldn't tell the damn thing from the others. We even had a little trap door on the bottom that you could crawl in or out of.

•••

FALSE COLORS: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage

CAMOUPEDIA: A Compendium of Research in Art, Architecture and Camouflage


SHIP SHAPE: A Dazzle Camouflage Sourcebook


Lowest price / three book bundle with free shipping 





Tuesday, August 11, 2026

that artists should be placed in charge of camouflage

False Colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage
Captain Aymar Embury II
, US Reserve, "Nature's Camouflage and Man's" in The New Country Life. Vol 34 No 2, June 1919, pp. 27-40—

It is fitting that military men should have turned to the artist-naturalists for information on camouflage, and should have placed artists in charge of military camouflage, not the United States alone, but in England and France as well, and I believe also in Germany. In this country the camouflage, both naval and land, is being done largely by artists with the assistance of men of kindred professions, such as the stage and architecture…

•••

FALSE COLORS: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage


CAMOUPEDIA: A Compendium of Research in Art, Architecture and Camouflage


SHIP SHAPE: A Dazzle Camouflage Sourcebook


Lowest price / three book bundle with free shipping 


•••


Below Drawing by Charles Livington Bull with the following caption: Perhaps the best known of all the camouflage tricks is the dead horse made of papier maché, or even of steel, so arranged that the sniper or lookout can hide in it and keep watch of the enemy.




Monday, August 3, 2026

the unknown role of Iowa artists in modern camouflage

Coming soon: At 2:00 pm on Sunday, August 9, I will be giving a one-hour illustrated talk on camouflage in connection with art, nature, and its military uses in World War I. The talk will take place at the German American Heritage Center & Museum at 712 West 2nd Street in Davenport, Iowa. Insights and surprises abound. Looking forward to it! For more information, see gahc.org.

Saturday, August 1, 2026

ship camoufleurs George Musaphia / B.R. Campbell

George Musaphia illustrations
I know almost nothing about an American illustrator named George Musaphia. The little that I do know I found in a brief news article in the Spokane Chronicle (October 7, 1918), which reads as follows—

RECORD CLAIMED BY CAMOFLEURS Two Seattle "camofleurs"—the men who paint the zig-zag stripes on ships returned recently from Portland OR, where they spent six days supervising the camouflaging of six vessels being built for the Emergency Fleet Corporation. The total of six ships in six days is believed a camouflaging record.

The two are George Misaphia [sic], formerly a New York portrait painter, and B.R. Campbell, who, in peace times, is a Boston theatrical scenery decorator.


That's it. I've searched for both artists, Musaphia (not Misaphia, unless I'm mistaken) and Campbell, the latter of whom is possibly a New England artist named Brooks R. Campbell (1898-1977), who worked as a sign painter in Manhattan. It seems likely that the other man was George (or Georges) Musaphia (1894-1979), but I could be wrong.

One thing about Musaphia that seems certain is that he was affiliated with the theatre, and that he worked in Boston (in advance of World War I) as an illustrator for theatre reviews. Maybe that's how he met Campbell, who is described as a "Boston theatrical scenery decorator."

The six Musaphia illustrations that I have found so far were all published in 1913. I've scanned and reproduced them here. They are stylistically consistent, but the attribution is also clear because he signed his name in an unusual way, part symbol and part letters. They were published in the Boston American on the following dates (from top to bottom) September 7, October 12 and 19, and November 2, 9 and 30. He probably was a portrait painter because his theatre illustrations are, without fail, essentially portraits of the actors as they appear in costume.

Tuesday, July 28, 2026

Seymour Reit / cartoonist, animator, writer, camoufleur


Since early childhood, I have known about Casper the Friendly Ghost, a cartoon character who first appeared in comic books in the late 1940s. But it may have been forty years later that I learned about Seymour Reit (1918-2001), the American animator and children's book author who may (or may not, since there has long been some dispute) have been the person who came up with Casper's character.

As an adult, although Reit was short (he was five foot four), he was larger than life in terms of all his accomplishments. He began his career as an animator for the famous Fleischer Brothers, and in his final decades he was a prolific contributor to MAD Magazine. But that is the tip of the iceberg: as a writer or cartoonist, he was also affiliated with Will Eisner, Archie, Little Lulu, Gulliver's Travels, Popeye, Betty Boop, and Captain Kangaroo.

But he also had two wartime links: First, he was born in New York on Armistice Day on November 11, 1918, the day that marked the ending of World War One, with the result that his parents named him Seymour Victory Reit. And then, when the US entered World War Two, he enlisted in the Army Air Force as a lieutenant, and served as a camoufleur.

I suspect that I first heard about Reit in 1978, when I ran across a copy of a book that he had written, titled Masquerade: the amazing camouflage deceptions of World War II (New York: Hawthorn Books). At the time, I had been researching and writing about art and camouflage for about a decade, and his book was enormously helpful in learning about the varieties of deception in World War Two. It is still of considerable value, even though quite a few other volumes on the same subject have more recently been produced.

Thursday, June 25, 2026

Hidden Humor / World War One camouflage cartoons

I have just premiered a new 14-minute documentary video talk, titled HIDDEN HUMOR: World War One Cartoonists' Views of Camouflage. It is free to view (and to share with others) on YouTube at <https://youtu.be/V6silNdlL3l>. It is not only about wartime camouflage but revisits the surprising (and often amusing) connections between art, fashion design, women's rights, bootlegging, and ship camouflage—as became a favorite focus of newspaper cartoons and comics before and after WWI.

•••

G. Stanley Hall (1920)—

Humor is perhaps the best camouflage for fear. In looking over the files of the trench journals of the Allies nothing has struck me more forcibly than the desperate and pathetic attempts to jest, even about death itself in its more horrid aspects.

Saturday, March 7, 2026

Eric Sloane / how to conceal a small factory in WWII

Above
Eric Sloane, illustration of camouflage techniques for a small factory, from his book, Camouflage Simplified. New York: Devin-Adair, 1942.

•••

Anon, Western Mail (Perth, Western Australia) May 13, 1943, p, 22—

An architect friend of ours who always considered himself a very respectable member of society is now beginning to have his doubts. Trying to do his part, he signed up for a night school course in industrial camouflage. He began to worry when he read the catalog listing lecture subjects: Concealment, Deception, Confusion, Disruption and Distortion.

He's wondering whether his code of ethics will ever be the same.

Sunday, January 18, 2026

wartime camouflage efforts of an El Paso car dealer

Above WWI photograph of US General Patton (cropped) standing in front of a tank in France, 1918. Public domain, Wikipedia.

•••

UNIQUE SCENE IN CAMOUFLAGE: Cleverly Painted Auto Cannot Be Distinguished from Surroundings
in El Paso Herald, June 8, 1918—

In the display window of the Buquor Motor Company is a camouflage scene rarely equaled "over here." In the background is a canvas on which is painted a battle scene—bursting shells and air lurid with explosives. Before this is a Maxwell car, although its best friend would hardly recognize the car because of the camouflage. It is spotted and spattered with green and fire colored splotches. Foliage, in addition to that on the canvas, is supplied by palms and leafing plants.

Standing close to the arrangement, there appears but little remarkable about it, but from the sidewalk the camouflage is quite apparent. From the middle of the street the automobile can hardly be distinguished from the plants and the glare of shots. The work, performed by J. L. Buquor, is so admirably executed that the machine blends with both the glare of shots and with the foliage in such a way as to quite conceal the auto from across the street. The work was done with water colors.

In thus showing how camouflage prevents autos from being detected in time of battle, a spot light has been provided which is used at night time, giving an even better effect than a day view. Naturally things "over there" are constantly in the mind of Johnnie Buquor, his brother, Ad[olph] Buquor, being now ready to depart for France from New Jersey at any time.


•••

WOMAN COLLAPSES WHEN MACHINE GUN UNEXPECTEDLY EXPLODES IN HER FACE—REALISTIC OLD TANK in El Paso Herald, June 15, 1918, p. 15—

Because he operated a machine gun carelessly Johnnie Buquor is in line to become the defendant in a damage suit. In the display window of the Buquor Motor Company is a big war tank—marked F-4—of the type used by General Byng to roll the biggest victory of the war over the Germans. It is a massive thing with mud-splotched wheels, steel-plated and heavily riveted, surmounted with machine guns whose ominous muzzles frown toward passersby.

Thursday evening a dozen or more pedestrians had stopped on the sidewalk before the window to view the war monster. One woman pressed close to the glass to get a better view of a machine gun pointed towards her. Suddenly the gun belched out fire and smoke, right in her face, the woman screamed and collapsed on the sidewalk.

Now for a little inside information: The big tank that looks like a steel-riveted fort on wheels from the sidewalk, is found when viewed from the other side to be made of old packing boxes, Maxwell mud pans, tubes and old crates. Johnnie Buquor has one of the guns so constructed that lamp-black is puffed out of the muzzle by compressed air, and that's how the woman got shot. Invariably when there is a crowd before the window and the machine gun is touched off, somebody jumps to get out of the way. The discharge is so realistic that people before it don't feel safe.

Friday, January 16, 2026

camouflaged dummies as artists' wartime specialty

soldiers placing decoys / artist unknown
CAMOUFLAGE—THE ARTISTS' BIT IN THE WAR
in Oregon Daily Journal (Portland), August 18, 1917—

One of the interesting developments of the world war is the art of "camouflage," wherein artists excel. Camouflage is accomplished in a variety of ways, the general Idea being to deceive the enemy—to make him think he sees something that he doesn't see, or to make him see something he thinks he doesn't.

It is a trick in which nature excels, the wily opossum and the chameleon and its coat of changeable hue being probably the best known examples. The marking on the wings of a butterfly, the shaping of insects like leaves, the coloring of the sage hen to blend with the sagebrush, are but a few of the natural demonstrations of the principle of camouflage.

In warfare, thrusting above a trench a helmet stuck on a bayonet to draw enemy fire is a crude example. Raiders carry a dummy smokestack to hide their identity, submarines carry fake periscopes, etc.

Getting down to the finer points of the game, and this is where the artists come in, waves and foam are painted on a warship to deceive the enemy as to the ship's waterline, and the "tank" is so painted that at a comparatively short distance it merges with the landscape and is hard to distinguish.

The French and English have even gone so far as to stretch canvas upright to a height of several feet, and to paint trees, shrubbery and landscape on it, so that to the enemy it will look like the edge of a woods. Behind this curtain, then, like stage hands passing behind the back drop on a stage, thousands of troops have marched to new positions. To fool enemy airmen, canvas stretched like a canopy over a roadway is painted to blend with the surrounding field, while soldiers march beneath It, or it ls painted to represent a road over which the enemy will keep lookout for troops while the troops march elsewhere.

And so on. Camouflage is really playing an important part in strategy of campaigning, and the United States army war department has so recognized it as to put artists at the large training camps to teach the art, and painters and decorators are enlisting in special camouflage branches of the service. The illustration above shows troops placing "dummy" soldiers in position to draw enemy fire, and [below] is a camouflaged "Yankee" [a dummy made of papier maché, before being painted]…

Wednesday, December 31, 2025

camouflage egg / do not begrudge conscientious fowl

Grant Wood, The Appraisal (1931)
Anon, HERE AND THERE in Country Life, January 1919—

Just because the hen has somehow gotten the reputation for being a stupid, flighty, indecisive creature is no reason, it appears, for denying her the right to deep-seated likes and dislikes. And sometimes we find these where we would least expect them, as did the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station when it started an investigation into the relative efficiency of different kinds of nest eggs. As a result of exhaustive tests and careful compilation of data, it was found that above all other types of "camouflage egg" the hen prefers one made of plaster of paris; next in order of acceptability come wooden eggs; next after that real eggs; and lowest of all in popularity stand china eggs, probably the best known and most commonly used. By just what means the investigators interpreted the feelings of their subjects in the matter we do not know; nor does it matter. The point is: so long as the material used has no deleterious effect on the food or other value of the ultimate progeny of the bird, why begrudge the industrious, conscientious fowl the greatest possible solace and contentment during those weeks that she spends in calm, contemplative creation!

•••

Anon, CAMOUFLAGE IN THE WOOD in Brecon County Times, Neath Gazette and General Advertiser (Wales), September 7, 1918 (Supplement)—

The drafting of men for military service has brought to light some queer occupations, but surely none more out of the ordinary than that of the man who makes imitation pheasant eggs. A man before a Surrey Tribunal said his job was to make an egg which hoodwinked the sitting pheasant. The real eggs were transferred to a broody hen's keeping until near the time of hatching, and the hen pheasant kept at her job by means of the artificial "eggs." Then the real eggs were brought back to be hatched out by a mother who could look after them. These artificial "eggs," it seems, mislead the hen pheasant entirely, and cause foxes, hedgehogs and such marauders furiously to think. It seems rather like a yarn, but the Tribunal accepted it, and gave the man six months' exemption.

Tuesday, December 23, 2025

cleverly hidden in cotton clouds / a cartoon camouflage

Back in 2019, we blogged about and reproduced the drawing from a wartime cartoon by British artist Bernard Hugh. Originally published in The Bystander, it was reprinted in Cartoons Magazine in 1917. It proposed an ingenious method of camouflaging an airplane while in flight: that it could be camouflaged by sandwiching it between large clumps of cloud-like cotton wool. Looks like a fine idea to me. Recently, I fed Hugh's cartoon drawing to an AI processor, and the image above is what it produced.

Wednesday, December 17, 2025

Nov shmoz ka pop / WWI spurious wacko camouflage

an inept attempt at camouflage / WWI
Gene Ahern
(originator in 1921 of the Our Boarding House comic strip featuring Major Hoople), "Ain't Nature Wonderful: Camouflage Still Yet" in Fort Wayne Sentinel, August 14, 1918, p. 3—

About this camouflage music, we juggle the camouflage art on themselves so they would be in their seventh heaven, and have their victims turning flip flaps. A book agent could waft into your office camouflaged as a puff of cigar smoke, and could annoy you with special offers, beautiful bindings, subscriptions, etc., and the only way to get rid of him is to purchase a piece of his stock, because you can't get a toe hold on him to throw him out because he's camouflaged invisible.

Insurance posts could wear the same harness, so you're in for it, fellow citizens, and the only exit for you is to take a try at the camouflage trick yourself.

F'rinstance: Have a 6x3 ebony box in your office and when an ill wind shows up, camouflage yourself like you just expired and fall into the silver-handled box and have on your fizz a camouflaged doesn't-he-look-natural expression.