Le Corbusier as Camoufleur

First, one of our favorite passages from Peter DeVries, The Tunnel of Love (NY: Penguin, 1982)—

I imagined myself asking her whether she liked Le Corbusier, and her replying, "Love some, with a little Benedictine if you've got it."

Beyond that, there's a reference to Le Corbusier's use of camouflage in Jonneke Jobse, De Stijl Continued: The Journal Structure (1958-1964): An Artist's Debate (010 Publishers:2005), p. 175—

He [Le Corbusier] described his use of polychromy as "architectural camouflage." By giving walls, ceilings and floors their own color, and modulating the space by means of contrasting colors for doors, windows, cabinets and fireplaces, he accented or disguised certain parts of the structure, thus creating the visual structure he was aiming for.

Architectural Camouflage Unit

Since August 2009, there has been an on-going course called Camouflage: AA Intermediate Unit 6 at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. The course instructors are Jonathan Daws, Dagobert Bergmans and Fumiko Kato (see Flowspace Architecture). The unit will conclude in February 2010 with an exhibition called Camouflage: A Catalogue of Effects, views of which are posted there. The site is particularly interesting if you link to the entire contents of the course blog and browse through its earlier postings. The effects that the students came up with are fascinating, especially in relation to the anamorphic warping of two-dimensional or three-dimensional surfaces, making them appear to be the opposite of what they "really" are. The results are not dissimilar from certain examples of World War I-era dazzle ship camouflage, as well as the distorted room interiors and other shapes that were originated by American artist and optical physiologist Adelbert Ames II in the 1930s-50s.

Dali: Submarines and Sardines

From Salvador Dali, "Total Camouflage for Total War" in Esquire Vol 18 No 2 (August), 1942—

Some young sardines are making their first outing under the supervision of their parents. A submarine passes by. The little fishes, alarmed, question their father:

"Papa, what's that?"

"That, my children, is our revenge which is passing: a great tin made of sheet-iron in which men, covered in oil, are held inside, pressed against each other."

Martha Banta on Protective Disguise

From Martha Banta, Imaging American Women: Idea and Ideals in Cultural History (NY: Columbia University Press, 1987), pp. 221-222—

By the close of the nineteenth century new forms of protective, ceremonial disguise had come into play—methods for altering appearance that concealed identities and revealed presences, and that acted to repress particulars of individuality in order to emphasize associations with type. Some of these forms became means for self-protection. One such was the technique of camouflage that found favor in the art world prior to its adoption by the military during World War I.

Day-Glo Camouflage

From Paola Antonelli, Safe: Design Takes on Risk (NY: Museum of Modern Art, 2005), p. 42—

In 2004 a group protesting against fox hunting evaded security and broke into the hallowed corridors of the British House of Commons' debating chamber. They did so wearing fluorescent jackets and, when questioned by a policeman, they simply explained they were going to inspect the electrical system. In his book Invisible (2005), the British photographer Stephen Gill photographed people whose clothing made them invisible. They were not wearing the latest Hussein Chalayan creation, but rather "high-visibility" jackets. These Day-Glo, fluorescent jackets, with their retroreflective stripes, are designed to protect workers night and day on roads, railway lines, and building sites. It is ironic that in trying to make them ultravisible, these workers are instead rendered invisible. We are so accustomed to seeing workers in these jackets that we remove them from our radar. In the photographer's [Stephen Gill's] own experience, if he wears a fluorescent jacket, he can move and photograph where he likes. No one pays any attention to him.

Ann Elias on Max Dupain

Max Dupain (1911-1992) was a Modern-era Australian photographer who—along with zoologist William Dakin and other scientists, artists and designers—formed the Sydney Camouflage Group in 1939. During World War II, while attached to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), he made contributions to aerial photography and photo-analysis. Dupain's involvement in camouflage, in relation to his other work, is discussed in considerable detail in Ann Elias, "Camouflage and the Half-Hidden History of Max Dupain in War" in History of Photography Vol 13 No 4 (November 2009), pp. 370-382. Here are two brief excerpts—

Of all these approaches and styles [in Dupain's pre-war photography] it was surrealism that was closest to a camouflage way of thinking. Surrealist techniques such as simulation to mimic reality, dissimulation to decompose reality and metamorphosis to transform reality were all designed to put the viewer's certainty of sight and powers of reasoning into question. They are also basic techniques of military camouflage where the objective is to use visual surprise and disorientation for military gain. Like surrealist art, camouflage is designed to unsettle the senses and subvert the hegemony of vision. (p. 373)

After the war he [Dupain] said that he did not want to return to the "cosmetic lie" of fashion photography. But it was probably also the case that his deep involvement and later dissatisfaction with military camouflage, a practice that has been characterized as the cosmetic lie of warfare, contributed to this desire for clarity and honesty. The whole purpose of camouflage is to confuse and negate optical clarity and its objective is to trick, deceive, keep secret, dazzle, to hide weakness and conceal strength. One translation of the French term camouflage is the act of putting on make-up for theatre. (p. 378)

Wildlife Camouflage

Given that protective coloration in nature and military camouflage make use of the same perceptual tendencies, it may come as no surprise that a number of zoological illustrators also served as camoufleurs in World Wars I and II. Among them were British scientists Alister Hardy and Hugh B. Cott, both of whom wrote and illustrated their own books on the appearance of animals, while both also served in the British Army as camouflage experts. But there were other naturalists and wildlife illustrators who contributed to camouflage, including Bruno Liljefors, Abbott Handerson Thayer, Gerald Handerson Thayer, Louis Agassiz Fuertes, Francis Lee Jaques, Arthur Singer, and Roger Tory Peterson. According to Douglas Carlson, Roger Tory Peterson (University of Texas Press, 2007), pp. 108-109—

After his six-month training period [c1943], he [Peterson] was assigned to Engineer School. His first task was to work on a camouflage manual; as his discharge papers noted, he "illustrated camouflage practices and mistakes, sample problems and other phases of camouflage." In Peterson's words, the manuals were about "simple camouflage where the individual soldier made use of cast shadows or eliminated cast shadows." He also made color, black-and-white, and half-tone illustrations…In a 1944 letter to friend and fellow bird painter George Sutton, he wrote about his army art department: "twenty enlisted men, all of them very accomplished and at least four of which made $20,000 a year or more as nationally known illustrators…"

Figure-Ground in Nature

In Diana Donald and Jane Munro, eds., Endless Forms: Charles Darwin, Natural Science and the Visual Arts (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2009), there is a wonderful essay by Diana Donald and Jan Eric Olsen titled "Art and the 'Entangled Bank': Color and Beauty out of the 'War of Nature'" (pp. 100-117). It traces the influence on zoological illustration of a passage in Darwin's Origin of Species in which he refers to natural settings as "entangled bank[s]." As the authors point out, this gradually prompted illustrators, including the designers of museum dioramas, to represent natural entities not as "a static and detached representation of each species," but rather as "a world characterized by constant flux and completing forces," with ceaseless interactive shifts between figure and ground.

This was a great departure from the wildlife illustration styles of artists like John James Audubon and Ernest Thompson Seton, in whose work clarity and species identification were of prime importance, making explicit distinctions between the subject and its setting. In contrast, in the view of artists such as American painter and naturalist Abbott Handerson Thayer and Swedish painter Bruno Liljefors (both of whom were greatly interested in natural camouflage, called protective coloration then), animals should be portrayed as embedded in their natural setting, in which case they may not be easy to see. An especially vivid example of this second approach is the astonishing painting by Thayer's son (Gerald Handerson Thayer) of a male Ruffed Grouse in the forest, which was initially published as Colorplate 2 in the latter's influential book, Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom (1909/1918).

It was this difference in approach to bird illustration that led to a painful complication in the friendship between the Abbott Thayer and one of his most devoted followers, illustrator Louis Agassiz Fuertes. At the time (this was near the end of Thayer's life, in the years when his theories were being attacked by Theodore Roosevelt and others), the young Fuertes was making his living as a bird illustrator for major publishers, who had found that the books were more popular when they maintained the tradition of Audubon, Seton and so on. Repeatedly, in letters, Thayer pleaded with Fuertes to acknowledge in his paintings the importance of protective coloration (of figure-ground entanglement), and when Fuertes could not do that (for reasons of livelihood presumably), Thayer began to regard it as a subversion of his own teachings. For more on Fuertes and Thayer, see Mary Fuertes Boynton [his daughter], Louis Agassiz Fuertes: His Life Briefly Told and His Correspondence (NY: Oxford University Press, 1956).

Art and Camouflage in Spain

I have just seen the catalog for Camuflajes, a major exhibition of camouflage-related art that premiered last fall at La Casa Encendida in Madrid, Spain. Curated by Maite Mendez (author of Camuflaje, 2008) and Pedro Pizarro, the exhibit ran initially from September 17 through November 1, 2009. Judging from the rich selection of color images in its beautifully-produced catalog (the text is in Spanish only), it was surely a stunning, instructive event. It is a panoply of experimental works in which artists from throughout the world explore the implications of camouflage, often in the broadest sense. Among those represented are Agrela Angeles, Jose Ramon Amondarain, Eleanor Antin, Liu Bolin, Manuel Cerda, Pietroiusti Cesare, Chema Cobo, Monica Duncan, Lalla Essaydi, Leo Fabrizio, Adonis Flores, Joan Fontcuberta, Alfredo Jaar,  Laurent La Gamba, Rogelio Lopez Cuenca, Maider Lopez, Carmen Mariscal, Laura Mars, Mateo Mate, Carlos Miranda, Ottonello Mocellin, Sonia La Mur, Juan Luis Moraza, Yasumasa Morimura, Lara Odell, Harvey Opgenorth, Ria Pacquee, Desiree Palmen, Domingo Sanchez Blanco, Cesare Viel, Francesca Woodman, and Gina Zacharias.

Beginning January 21, 2010, the same exhibition will also be featured at the Espacio para el Arte Zaragoza in Zaragoza, Spain, continuing through March 31, and then later this year in Malaga.
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Dazzle Camouflage at Cincinnati

An original exhibition titled SEAGOING EASTER EGGS: Artists' Contributions to Dazzle Ship Camouflage will open soon at the Art Academy of Cincinnati. Curated by Roy R. Behrens (author of FALSE COLORS: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage (2002) and CAMOUPEDIA: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage (2009)), the exhibition will be held at the Convergys Gallery at the Art Academy at 1212 Jackson Street, from January 15, 2010 through February 12.

The exhibit is free and open to the public during gallery hours: Mon-Fri 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, and Sat-Sun 9:00 am to 5:00 pm.

In addition, Professor Behrens will present a slide talk about art and camouflage at 7:00 pm, Thursday, January 28 in the Proctor and Gamble Lecture Hall at the Art Academy, an event sponsored by the Cincinnati AIGA. On Friday, January 29, there will be a reception in the gallery from 5:00 to 9:00 pm.

Included in the exhibit are photographs, camouflage diagrams, ship models and other historic artifacts that pertain to contributions by artists, designers and architects to World War I US naval camouflage, particularly dazzle camouflage. It is dedicated to the memories of Meyer Abel, Walter Arnett, and Noel Martin, all of whom attended the Art Academy, then served in World War II as camouflage artists.

The exhibit was made possible in part by access to materials in the Fleet Library at the Rhode Island School of Design, and the Everett L. Warner Archives. Other material was provided by Lyn Malone, the granddaughter of architect and Olympic fencer Harold Van Buskirk, who headed American naval camouflage in World War I. The ship models, which were cast for this exhibit by German manufacturer Norbert Broecher, were donated by Ulrich Rudofsky.

Caligari's Camouflage

From Steen Eiler Rasmussen, Experiencing Architecture (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1964), p. 94—

For most people the Cubist camouflage [of WWI] was a demonstration of visual effects they had never seen before. But by the time the war was over everybody was familiar with them and new experiments with Cubist forms were made in architecture as well as other arts. One of these was the German film Dr. Caligari's Cabinet, made in 1919, in which the action takes place inside the brain of a lunatic where all forms are disintegrated into crooked triangles and other weird shapes. Buildings too were constructed with bizarre lines and shapes.

Camouflaged Tweens

From JoAnn Deak, Girls Will Be Girls: Raising Confident and Courageous Daughters (NY: Hyperion, 2002), p. 99—

[Preadolescent girls, called tweens] cluster together and need to act alike, talk alike, and look alike for the protective camouflage it provides. It reminds me of a Discovery Channel program about running zebras: The stripes made them all blend together so that any predatory animal would have a hard time singling out any one zebra.

Charlie Chaplin's Camouflage

There is a six-minute segment in a Charlie Chaplin film that pokes fun of the trickery of  WWI American camouflage artists in France. The film, a silent comedy called Shoulder Arms, was released in October 1918, just as the war was ending. There is more information here, and there's also a helpful description of it in Kenneth Schuyler Lynn, Charlie Chaplin and His Times (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1997), pp. 222-223—

For reconnoitering purposes, Chaplin encases himself in papier-mache bark and becomes a tree. His camouflage enables him to position himself near three German soldiers who happen by and start to build a campfire. Inevitably, they find that they need more wood. One of them grabs an ax and volunteers to get some. After taking a healthy lick or two at another tree, he decides that he prefers the looks of the Charlie-tree. Terrified but resolute, Charlie knocks the ax-wielder out with a sneak blow from one of his branchlike arms and similarly disposes of his two companions. While still camouflaged, he then saves the life of an American sergeant who has been apprehended for spying…

Camouflage Artist | C. Allan Gilbert

In his own lifetime, C. Allan Gilbert (1873-1929) was a widely published American illustrator, as well as an early contributor to animated films. Today, he would probably not be remembered at all were it not for the continued popularity of one of his illustrations, a momento mori titled All is Vanity (1892). It is a double image or visual pun in which the scene of a woman admiring herself in a mirror appears instead to be a skull, when viewed from a distance. During World War I, he was among a number of US artists who worked for the US Shipping Board (the Emergency Fleet Corporation) in applying dazzle camouflage to US merchant ships.

In 1918, in Nauticus: A Journal of Shipping, Insurance, Investments and Engineering (Vol 1 No 2, June 8), there is a note about the role of the US Navy in relation to the work of Gilbert and other civilian camoufleurs:

Supervision of all camouflaging of merchant vessels for the Shipping Board will be exercised by the Navy Department in the future…"The Navy Department will prepare the types and designs of camouflage painting for general use and, where practicable, design of camouflage painting applicable to particular ships. These design will be furnished the district camoufleurs through the Camouflage Section, Division of Steel Ship Construction of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. The district camoufleur will use the design most applicable to the form and type of ship to be camouflage painted. The district camoufleur shall not change the principle of the design furnished by the Navy Department, but may adopt such design to suit the particular ship which is being camouflage painted."

Camouflage Poem | Paul Myron

"Camouflage and Camoufleur" in P.W. Linebarger (Paul Myron, pseud), Bugle Rhymes from France (Chicago: Mid-Nation Publishers, 1918), p. 35-36—

Uncle Sam is looking night and day, for a thousand men mechanical;

He wants 'em with their brushes and he wants 'em with their paint,

And he wants 'em, though with union rules tyrannical;

For he's in an awful hole…the Staff cannot control,

In a fix that may bring annihilation,

For he's got a million men, and then a few again,

Yet, no ca-moo-flurs, for the combination.

Lord, why didn't some one say, advisin' like a fool,

That "The war's to be won, not by the gun,

But by mechanical men, with a tool."

By mechanical men with a tool, sir.

Who can make the foe out a fool, sir.

In paintin' mirage an' green camouflage,

On the rollin' Atlantic pool, sir.

So come on, ye heroes of the day, ready with yer brush and yer turpentine,

Bring on yer canvas, yet metal and yer sheet,

An' wallop out a scence more serpentine.

Just paint this transport blue, with an ocean swell or two,

That 'ud fool any submarine commander.

And on our sectors there, paint a waste of desert air,

That will make the planes go flyin' by in dander;

For, shucks…this war is yours, on a steady union scale,

For it's all to be won, with paint…not gun,

For it's ca-moo-flage, that makes the Prussian quail.

It's ca-moo-flage that wins today, sir,

Painting' ships a tender whale-grey, sir.

A hundred batteries, it turns to grass an' trees;

It's never for a moment known to fail, sir.

Vive Camouflage! It is a hero's game, when once we've got it specified.

But there's just a little item, I hope it won't affect,

When we've got it all right rectified;

And that's the use of paint, to make Old Nick a saint,

And hide the "pro" and "slack" against the nation;

For camouflage is for just the foreign end of war,

And not to cause at home our consternation.

So, Mister Camoufleur, 'fore ye sail on foreign tour,

Just stripe each "slack" and "pro" a color that we'll know,

And rub his yellow deep, to make it sure.

Henrietta Goodden on British Camouflage

Henrietta Goodden, Camouflage and Art: Design for Deception in World War 2. London: Unicorn Press, 2007. Hardcover, 120 illustrations, color and b&w. 192 pp. ISBN 987-0-906290-87-3.

The current heightened interest in camouflage can be at least partly attributed to Charles Darwin. In The Origin of Species, first published in 1859, he hypothesized that the evolution of species occurs not through divine intervention but by autonomous natural selection, and that the likelihood of survival is weighed in favor of those that are better fitted than others. By the turn of the century, the study of natural camouflage (known then as "protective coloration") had become a research playground for the confirmation (or refutation) of Darwin's theories. Knowing that, it is of additional interest to find (as this book documents) that one of the chief participants in wartime British camouflage was Robin Darwin (1910-1974), a painter and descendant of the famous naturalist. More…

Camouflage at Chicago CAA

This year's annual conference of the College Art Association will be held in Chicago. Among the scheduled sessions is Art after Camouflage, organized by Ann Elias and Tanya Peterson, both from the University of Sydney. Featured talks and participants are: Sonja Duempelmann (University of Maryland) on Invisible Landscapes: Camouflage and Contemporary Landscape Architecture; Stephen Monteiro (American University of Paris) on Designing Men: Andy Warhol's Camouflage and Patterns of Masculinity; Amy Bryzgel (University of Aberdeen) on Camouflaging the East: Vladimir Mamyshev-Monroe and the Post-Soviet Russian Identity; Rob Silberman (University of Minnesota) on The Storm Trooper's Smock: Ian Hamilton Finlay and Camouflage; and Craig Peariso (Boise State University) on The Insistent Visibility of Disappearance. The session will take place on Friday, February 12, 2010, at 6:30-9:00 pm, at Columbus AB, Gold Level, East Tower at the Hyatt Regency Chicago. More…

Ghost Army Camouflage

Some years ago, artist Dennis Bayuzick, a friend who teaches at the University of Wisconsin-Parkside, sent me the complete set of fifty US postage stamps, called Birds and Flowers of the Fifty States (issued 1982). I've held on to them all these years, never suspecting that they were co-designed by illustrator and World War II camoufleur Arthur Singer and his son Alan. (There is an online interview with Arthur and Alan Singer about the stamps at this YouTube link.) It was the elder Singer who also illustrated a well known bird identification book (of which I have long owned a copy), titled Birds of North America, as well as twenty other books. During the war, he was a member of the Ghost Army (603rd Engineers Battalion), a top-secret deception unit. Author and filmmaker Rick Beyer is currently working on a film that will document the achievements of that military unit, including such famous participants as fashion designer Bill Blass, artist Ellsworth Kelly, illustrator Arthur Shilstone, and photographer Art Kane.

Camouflage Poem | Wilcox

One of a number of popular poems that were first published during World War I, this one by American poet Ella Wheeler Wilcox (c1919)—

Camouflage is all the rage.

Ladies in their fight with age,

Soldiers in their fight with foes,

Demagogues who mask and pose

In the guise of statesmen—girls

Black of eyes with golden curls,

Politicians, votes in mind,

Smiling, affable and kind,

All use camouflage today.

As you go upon your way,

Walk with caution, move with care;

Camouflage is everywhere!

Your Head Is Where Your Stern Is

During World War I, when it was first proposed that British ships should not be inconspicuous in appearance but should instead be covered in bold, abstract, geometric shapes—called "dazzle painting" or dazzle camouflage—some naval officers objected. In one case (as quoted, without attribution, in Nicholas Rankin, A Genius for Deception (Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 131), a camouflage officer replied as follows—

The object of camouflage is not, as you suggest, to turn your ship into an imitation of a West African parrot, a rainbow in a naval pantomime, or a gay woman. The object of camouflage is rather to give the impression that your head is where your stern is.

Camouflage Artist | Richard Meryman

From Richard S. Meryman, Jr., "Richard Sumner Meryman—For the Love of Painting" at the Monadnock Art website—

In 1916, Wig [Richard Sumner Meryman] joined the World War Ambulance Corps, bringing wounded from the front to French hospitals. When America entered the war in 1918, he transferred as a lieutenant into the Camouflage Corps, which was among the first units in France… [As a camoufleur] He was applying the principles he had helped illustrate in Abbott Thayer's 1909 book, Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom, the culmination of Thayer's obsession with the natural world. This book, adapted to uniforms and equipment, made Thayer the father of military camouflage.

[Note: Richard S. Meryman, Jr., appears in several interview clips, in which he talks about his father's association with Abbott Thayer and his camouflage research, in a documentary film titled Invisible: Abbott Thayer and the Art of Camouflage (PRP Productions), available as a dvd. Click here for an online roster of other camouflage artists.]

Comedy as Camouflage

Rodney Dangerfield, quoted in Joe Garner, Made You Laugh (Andrews McMeel, 2004), p. 72—

Comedy is a camouflage for depression.

Brute Camouflage

From George Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (NY: Oxford University Press, 1975)—

At every level, from brute camouflage to poetic vision, the linguistic capacity to conceal, misinform, leave ambiguous, hypothesize, invent, is indispensable to the equilibrium of human consciousness.

Camouflage at MIT

From "Camouflage Apparatus at MIT" in Technology Review. Vol XXI (1919), p. 321—

On the second floor of Building One [at MIT], there is one of the most complete camouflage sets in this country. The apparatus, drawings, and models came from Washington, New York, and Boston. After the signing of the armistice, Mr. Blume proposed to give the results of the research done by the Navy Department and the Emergency Fleet Corporation to Technology. He sent the camouflage theater, models and other apparatus. Mr. William A. Mackay contributed to this set many models designed in New York. A complete assortment of the results obtained and of instructions is also due to the kindness of Mr. Mackay…

Professor Peabody invites anyone interested to visit the camouflage room. The visit must be made under the personal supervision of Professor Peabody, so only one or two are asked to come at one time.

[According to MIT, the current location of these artifacts is unknown.—RB]

Rudolf Arnheim's Cat

Gestalt psychologist Rudolf Arnheim in Parables of Sun Light (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), p. 91—

Our black cat lay on the window sill, against the black night outside. When his eyes were open, his body was visible, dimly outlined; but as soon as he closed them, the whole cat vanished, leaving only the unbroken darkness of the window. 

RELATED LINKS    

Dazzle Camouflage: What is it and how did it work? /  Nature, Art, and Camouflage / Art, Women's Rights, and Camouflage /  Embedded Figures, Art, and Camouflage / Art, Gestalt, and Camouflage /  Optical science meets visual art /  Disruption versus dazzle / Chicanery and conspicuousness /  Under the big top at Sims' circus

Gertrude Stein on Figure-Ground

Gertrude Stein, in a letter to Carl Van Vechten in late August 1923, as published in Edward Burns, ed., The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Carl Van Vechten (NY: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 86-87—

Others have tried to make background foreground, but you have made foreground background, and our foreground is our background.